Dinoflagellates are the single celled protists that show a great amount of diversity in their form. The largest of them, Noctiluca, has a 2mm diameter. These creates are definitely not large than the human standards but they do have a big impact on their surrounding environments. Most of them are photosynthetic in nature that is they prepare their own food with the help of sun light and eventually providing a food source for the other organisms. Through bioluminescence, some of the species have the ability to produce their own light. There are some dinoflagellates which can be found as parasites on fish and on other protists.
The most striking effect of the dinoflagellates on the life in their region can be seen from the marine species especially during the hot summers. They reproduction of these species is very fast due to which the water appears red or golden, and produces a “red tide”. This put many other type of marine life in grave danger and they suffer from the dinoflagellates as they produce neurotoxin, which is the major cause of danger to the marine life. Human begins also get affected indirectly by eating fish which contains the toxins. “Ciguatera” and “paralytic shellfish poisoning” are the common disease by which human being suffer after eating this fish.
Oomycetes are popularly known as Water molds, they are the single celled and filamentous Heterokonts which physically look like fungi. They reproduce both by sexual and as well as asexual methods. They are microscopic in nature and they are absorptive organisms as well. They have a tube like vegetative body and they are composed of mycelia (also known as thallus).
The name water mold was derived because they were classified amongst the fungi which were found in early days. Their cell walls are composed of cellulose and usually they don’t have any separations. They also have diploid nuclei in the vegetative where on the other hand the fungi have haploid nuclei.
Water molds are related to the organisms like the diatoms and the brown algae, which make their separate group known as Heterokonts. The name is derived due to the common arrangement of structure of the motile cells which usually comprises of two unequal flagella. They Oomycetes are very significantly and scientifically important as they are one of the aggressive pathogens of plants.
Mitochondrial DNA testing is classified under the genetic testing method. It helps to find out more information about the mother’s side family as the Mitochondrial DNA is passed from mother to her child. This article will help you to get an idea of how mitochondrial testing is done.
Mitochondrial DNA is a type of DNA which can be found in the Mitochondria of the cells. Mitochondrial is quite different from the nuclear DNA. The mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother only while the nuclear DNA is inherited from both mother and father. When the sperm from the father and egg from the mother join together to form a baby, the tail of the sperm which contains the father’s mitochondrial DNA is left behind due to which only the mitochondrial of the mother is passed to their child.
The mitochondrial DNA testing is done in like nuclear testing. Collection of samples either blood sample or cheek swab is used for testing. Cheek swap is more preferred for the mitochondrial DNA testing rather than the blood sample. These samples are tested and analyzed in the laboratories with the help of some special instruments and the results are obtained.
Mitochondrial DNA testing is done for number of reasons – to understand and establish a direct family link between the mother’s side relatives. It is also used to trace the ancestry of the mother. Many cases of finding the unknown parents of the child are solved using the mitochondrial DNA testing.
Mitochondrial DNA testing is one of the ever growing fields in microbial science and is very useful to mankind in present and future.
Chromosome is long DNA molecule which is related with the proteins. It carries the hereditary information of the organism.
Structure of Chromosomes (metaphase)
A chromosome contains number of genes and is formed form single molecule of DNA. It contains 3 nucleotide sequences which play a vital role in replication process. The three nucleotide sequences of Chromosomes are replication origin, telomere and centromere.
Stained chromosome
These chromosomes are strained with G-C (R bands) and the A-T (G brand). The dyes are specified by the base pairs. When the chromosomes get strained, the mitotic chromosomes have a special type of structure which is unbanded in nature, due to which it identifies the chromosome of the karyotype. Millions of DNA nucleotide pairs can be found in each band which does not correspond with any type of functional structure.
Orthomyxoviruses are the influenza viruses which belong to the Orthomyxoviradae family. This virus is further classified in 3 types A,B and C and it is composed of one genus. Influenza, a acute respiratory disease which is caused due to theOrthomyxoviruses. The types A and B are responsible for regional epidemics during the winter season, the A type is also responsible for periodic worldwide epidemics.
Theinfluenza viruses is found very often and recurring as it has a special ability to exhibit variation in the surface antigens. There are 2 phenomenon which is responsible for variations:
Antigenic drift- It is caused due to the mutations in the RNA which eventually leads to changes in antigen character of N and H molecules. The changes in the antigen drift involves subtle changes that may cause the epidemics. However it does not involve pandemics.
Antigen shift- It is caused due to the rearrangement of various segments of viral genome which in turn is responsible production of the major changes in the character of antigen of N and H molecules.
Since 1173 AD, the influenza epidemics have been documented. Over 20 million deaths world wide in the year 1918 took place due to pandemic.
Micro RNA is frequently referred as miRNA. There are number of kits available in the market today which are used for the detection of the miRNA. The kits available now a day are able to detect miRNA as less as 50 ng or even less of the total RNA. The kits available for detection come in various detection ranges and are measured in femtomoles. Also with some kits there is no need to measure the mature miRNA with the amplification step. With some of the kits variety of RNA’s can be detected easily.
Splinted-ligation technology is the latest found in the Micro RNA labeling kit. With the advanced technology number of kits which helps to detect the microarray based identification of the miRNA targets have come up. Also some of the kits provide interfaces for hybridizing the mature miRNA’s. Some of them contain 3-Cytidine bisphosphate reagents which play vital role to mature the miRNA. The use of the modern sciences and advanced technology has made it very easily for the rapid detection of the amount of subfemtomole present in the miRNA species.
The detection of all the samples including those of plants is also possible with some of the kits. Some kits make use of additional reagents and buffers for the labeling reactions that take place.
