MicroBiology

Antisense is one of the stand of DNA, so the DNA having the antisense strand is called antisense DNA. Normally DNA composes of double strands which are sense strand and antisense strand. Only one of the strand codes the RNA which is further translated into the protein. The strand which does not take part in RNA coding process is known as the sense strand.

The vital function of the antisense DNA strand is to carry the information which is necessary for making the proteins. The proteins are made by binding the corresponding strand of the mRNA. Even though both of the stands are mirror image of each other, still only antisense strand is the one which contains the information for the protein process.

Short segments of the DNA or the RNA with around twenty bases are known as oligonucleotide (also known as oligo).Now a days they are synthesize with the help of polymerizing nucleotide precursors. With the help of the synthesizers, the synthesis takes place up to 140 to 200 bases.

"Mer" is the word which is used to denote the length of the oligonucleotide, like if we have 100 bases then the length of the oligonucleotide is called 100-Mer. oligonucleotide is used as probes for the detection of the DNA or the RNA as they posses the capability of readily binding to the complementary nucleotide.

oligonucleotide are also used in the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) which is used for the amplification of small pieces of the DNA.

Microbial ID is used for the identification of the microbial services. Over 2500 specimens can be identified with the Microbial ID. It also offers polyphasic analysis for fatty acids and DNA. It generates the results of both DNA and fatty acids in a single report which helps for better clarification of the ID's. Microbial ID plays a vital role in determining the most critical samples.

DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing comprises of the biochemical method which helps to determine the bases of nucleotide, guanine, thymine, adenine, cytosine in the oligonnucleotide of DNA. The elements of DNA sequencing include the heritable genetic information in the mitochondria, plasmids, chloroplasts and nuclei which are the part of developmental programs in all of the living organisms. In the studying the fundamentals of the biological process is it very essential and useful in determine the DNA sequencing. The biological discovery and research are boosted after the advent of DNA sequencing. With the recent technological development DNA sequencing of many animals has also been generated successfully.

Some latest methods used for DNA sequencing are as follows

Number of DNA sequencing are coming up due to large amount of demand for sequencing through low cost. Many private and public organizations and companies are coming up and raising funds for DNA sequencing methods. Many methods are put into implementation these days which have accelerated the pace of sequencing.

Vtro clonal amplification- For the sequencing of the single molecule the methods for the molecular detection are not sufficient, so in number of cases the use of vitro is made for generation of multiple copies of the individual molecule. For the isolation of the individual DNA molecule along with the primer-coated beads Emulation PCR is used often. A chain reaction then coats the head with the help of the clonal copies of isolated library molecule, once this is done then immobilization of heads takes place and then they are sequenced.

Parallelized sequencing- When the DNA sequences get physically localized on the surface number of approaches can be adopted which can determine the DNA sequences of all the locations in parallel. By the use of DNA polymerase for the process of DNA synthesis for the identification of the bases can be done for the Sequencing by synthesis.
There are number of other methods which can be implemented for DNA sequencing using parallel ways.

DNA microarray is a unique technology found in the fields of molecular biology and medicine. It consists of the features which are the arrayed series of thousands of DNA oligonucleotides microscopic spots, each such spot contain picomoles of specific DNA sequence. There can also be a short selection of any other DNA or a gene which is used as probes to hybridize a cRNA or cDNA sample under high stingency conditions. Fluorescence based method of fluorophore label targets to determine the relative abundance of nucleic acid sequence in target for detection is used for the detection and quantification of the Probe-target hybridization.

A covalent bond attracts the probes to the chemical matix in the standard type of microarrays. Colloquially Affy chip or the standard solid surface of glass or silicon surface also known as gene chip is used. Some of the microarray platforms like the illumina make use of the microscopic beads. DNA microarrays use DNA as part of its detection system.

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorephisms) or the changes in the expression levels are detected and measured by the DNA microarrays. Also there is considerable amount of difference in the accuracy,fabrication, cost and working system of the DNA Microarrays.